《英语学科知识》：英语必知18条重点语法（十）

当先行词是指物的不定代词all, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing, none, some等时。

1.All that costs you is time and effort.

所有的这些花费的是你的时间和努力。

2.He did everything that he could to help us.

他做了一切能做的来帮助我们。

当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级或all, every, no, some, any, little, much, few, just, the only, the very, the right, the last等词修饰时。

1.The parks are the cleanest parks that you can imagine.

这些公园是你能想象的最干净的公园。

2.I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor.

我看到桌子上所有的杯子掉到了地板上。

3.Australia is the only country that is also a continent.

澳大利亚是唯一一个占有整块大陆的国家。

当先行词中既有人又有物时。

1.They talked about things and persons that they remembered in school.

他们谈起了记忆中学校里的人和事。

2.She thinks highly of the children and their drawings that she saw at the school.

她高度赞扬了她在学校看到的这些孩子以及他们的绘画。

当先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。

1.My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.

我的故乡已不再是过去那个样子了。

2.It is a book that will help you a lot.

这是本对你很有帮助的书。

关系代词作介词（短语）的宾语，且指事或物时。

1.Jordan made a film in which he acted with a cartoon character.

乔丹制作了一部电影，他在里面和一个卡通角色一起表演。

2.Their use was limited by laws, the first of which dates back to the fourteen century.

法律限制了它们（面具）的使用，这最早可以追溯到14世纪。

引导非限制性定语从句时。

1.Some Western countries have very exciting carnivals, which take place forty days before Easter, usually in February.

一些西方国家有激动人心的狂欢节，通常在二月，复活节前的四十天。

2.Their team lost the game, which disappointed them greatly.

他们队输了比赛，这使他们很失望。

as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前，而which则不能。

1.As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically.

你知道，如果你反复做同样的事，你就会自动的去做了。

2.But each of them sends representatives to the European Parliament, which has some control over what happens in each of the member countries.

但每个国家都向欧洲议会派遣代表，欧洲议会负责管理各个成员国的事务。

as引导非限制性定语从句时有“正如”之意，而which没有此意。

1.He is a true hero, as is reported in the newspaper.

正如报纸上报道的那样，他是一个真正的英雄。

2.Amy passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.

埃米通过了驾驶考试，这件事让办公室里的每个人都感到吃惊。

as常作实义动词（如expect, guess, hear, know, remember, see, say, show, tell, watch等）的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配，而which则没有此种固定搭配。

1.As we had expected, the parents’ meeting worked out very well.

正如我们事先预料的那样，这次家长会开的非常好。

2.The child had a fever every night, which worried his parents very much.

这个孩子每晚都发烧，这使他的父母非常担心。

先行词为case, situation, condition, stage, point, position, context等表情况、方面、处境的词时，后面的定语从句用where来引导。

1.The conflict had developed into a stage where the two countries were gathering big troops on the border.

冲突已发展到一个阶段，两国正在边界上集结大部队。

先行词为time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词时，后面的定语从句常用when引导。

1.Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.

当我有时间和孩子们度过一整天的这种情况是很少见的。

定语从句用来说明名词性质、特征、来源等；同位语从句则用来说明名词所表示具体内容

The fact that he presented was a strong proof.(定语从句，说明fact来源）

The fact that she hadn’t said anything surprised us all.（同位语从句，说明fact内容）

引导定语从句that是关系代词，起连接作用，并代表先行词在从句中做成分；同位语从句中that是连词，只起连接作用，不充当任何成分

The news (that/which)we heard spread all over the city.

We expressed the hope that Mr and Mrs Smith would came to visit China the next year.

同位语从句修饰名词往往包含有某种信息，如message,news,fact,hope等；定语从句修饰先行词无此限制

We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.

After this he is not the man that he used to be.