【高频考点7】 非谓语动词 ★★★
(一)不定式和动名词作宾语
1.常用不定式作宾语的动词有:
afford, agree, arrange, ask, begin, choose, decide, determine, demand, expect, fail, hope, long, learn, manage, prepare, plan, pretend, promise, offer, refuse, want, wish等。
2.常见动名词(短语)作宾语的动词(短语)有:
admit, avoid, cannot help, enjoy, can’t stand, consider, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep, keep om, mind, put off, permit, practise, risk, suggest等。
3.有些动词既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语,但意义截然不同。此类动词(短语)有:remember, forget, go on, regret, try, mean等。例:
Please remember to give my best regards to your family.
请记着代我问候你家人。
I still remember being sent to school for the first time.
我仍记得第一次被送到学校上学的情景。
Shall we go on to discuss the question of insurance?
我们接下来讨论保险的问题好吗?
After a short rest, he went on writing the letter.
休息了一会以后他接着写那封信。
此类可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语的动词常见的结构有:
remember doing sth. |
记得做过某事 |
remember to do sth. |
记着去做某事 |
forget doing sth. |
忘记做过某事 |
forget to do sth. |
忘记去做某事 |
try doing sth. |
试着做某事 |
try to do sth. |
设法做某事 |
mean doing sth. |
意味着做某事 |
mean to do sth. |
打算做某事 |
go on doing sth. |
继续干未干完的事 |
go on to do sth. |
继续干另一件事 |
regret doing sth. |
对做过的事后悔 |
regret to do sth. |
对将要做的事感到遗憾 |
(二)分词和不定式做宾补
1.现在分词与不定式作补语的比较
现在分词做宾补强调动作的延续性,表示动作正在进行,更具描绘性;而不定式作宾补一般表示动作的全过程,表明动作已经结束。例:
I found a stranger walking nearby all day.
我发现一个陌生人一天都在附近走动。
I don’t often see him (to) walk to work.
我不常见到他步行去上班。
2.现在分词与过去分词作补语的比较
现在分词作宾补表示宾语与分词动作之间是逻辑上的主动关系,且动作正在进行;过去分词作宾补一般表示宾语与分词动作之间是逻辑上的被动关系,且动作已完成。例:
We heard the singer singing.
我们听到这位歌手正在唱歌。
We heard the song sung by the singer.
我们听过这位歌手唱这首歌。
(三)现在分词与过去分词作状语
1.表示被动意义时,作伴随状语或方式状语通常使用过去分词短语形式,习惯上不用being done形式。例:
Some young parents were walking in the park, followed by their children.
一些年轻的父母在公园里散步,后面跟着他们的孩子。
Led by the guide, we climbed the top of the mountain.
在向导的引领下,我们爬上了山顶。
2.作时间状语时,过去分词如果同时表示被动意义和动作的完成,可以与现在分词的完成被动式互换,过去分词如果只表示被动,不表示完成,则不可以互换。例:
Read/Having been read many times, the cloze test seems much easier.
读过许多遍之后,这篇完形填空似乎变得更容易些了。
Seen from the top of the tower, the new city looks more beautiful.
从塔顶上看,这座新城显得更加美丽。
3.使用现在分词和过去分词作句子状语时,必须遵守一条原则,即分词的逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。例:
Looking around, there was no one nearby. (✗)
(Looking around的逻辑主语不是no one)
Looking around, I found there was no one nearby. (✓)
我环视四周,结果发现附近没有人。
Once learning, it will never be forgotten. (✗)
(it与learn之间是逻辑上的被动关系,既然it为主语,则learn不应用现在分词)
Once learned, it will never be forgotten. (✓)
一旦学会,就永远忘不了。